Subject: "An amazing consistency": Metric Engineering Physics 101
Note to James Woodward re: creative conceptual tension between global nonlocal Machian POV vs apparently local ZPF POV, see my comments below on Giovanni Modanese's "Inertial Mass and Vacuum Fluctuations in Quantum Field Theory" which is a deeper more competent discussion of the "ZPF Inertia Lite" of Puthoff, Haisch and Rueda based on the rather eccentric "SED" ideas of Trevor Marshall who never accepted Bell's locality inequality. Note also a detailed quantitative refutation of the now falsified notion that "the big bang never happened" that Hal Fox, Editor of the eccentric New Age "Journal of New Energy" has been pushing lately on this cyberspace forum. This idea is now dead as a simple look at Fig 5 p. 58, in Saul Permutter's April 2003 Physics Today shows. The "No Big Bang" region in gray in upper left part of the plot is way outside the location of the data.
The Early History of Metric Engineering Physics
"An amazing consistency"
Saul Perlmutter’s “Supernovae, Dark Energy, and the Accelerating Universe” in Physics Today, April 2003, pp 53-60:
“We live in an unusual time, perhaps the first golden age of empirical cosmology. With advancing technology, we have begun to make philosophically significant measurements. These measurements have already brought surprises. Not only is the universe accelerating, but it apparently consists primarily of mysterious substances. We’ve already had to revise our simplest cosmological models. Dark energy has been added to the already perplexing question of dark matter. One is tempted to speculate that these ingredients are add-ons, like the Ptolemaic epicycles, to preserve an incomplete theory. With the next decade’s new experiments, exploiting not only distant supernovae, but also the cosmic microwave background, gravitational lensing of galaxies, and other cosmological observations, we have the prospect of taking the next step toward that ‘Aha’ moment when a new theory makes sense of the current puzzles.” [end of quote]
The distant Type Ia supernovae are “standard candles” for cosmological structure measurements in the paradigm of Einstein’s “battle tested” (Wheeler) geometrodynamic theory of gravity. Measurements by NASA space probes COBE and WMAP on the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) remnant glow radiation from the initial Big Bang gives us increasingly precise data on the first ~ 380,000 years of our infant visible universe that increasingly shows itself as an inconceivable small piece literally of “measure zero” in the mathematical sense of a “multiverse” or “Super Cosmos” of parallel universes at several levels (e.g. Max Tegmark in May, 2003 Scientific American). We have come a long way from Earth as the Center of the Universe to a Super Cosmos that has no material geometrodynamical center.
A standard candle must have a known intrinsic brightness and must be found over a wide range of distances. Their light travels through a slowly expanding post-inflationary 3D space in which the separation between galaxies increases and the wavelength of the real “on mass shell’ transversely polarized photons stretches to create the cosmological redshift. Note that z ~ 0.1 corresponds to a distance ~ a billion (10^9) light years looking at a past event a billion years in the past of the detected signal. We cannot see space as it is “now” (along a spacelike slice of spacetime of constant CMB absolute temperature) using electromagnetic waves. We only “see” the past light cone of the detector assuming that there are no advanced electromagnetic waves from our future.
It was only in the early 1980’s that Type I supernovae missing hydrogen atom spectral lines had been discovered. The distinction between Ia and Ib is the presence or absence, respectively, of a silicon absorption line at 6150 Angstroms (10^-8 cm). Perlmutter, from Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory where he leads the key experimental Supernova Cosmology Project (including the all-important upcoming SNAP NASA space probe) writes “an amazing consistency among the type Ia supernovae became evident. Their spectra matched feature-by-feature, as did their ‘light curves’ – the plots of waxing and waning brightness in the weeks following a supernova explosion.” The experimental breakthrough came at the beginning of 1998 (Fig 3 p. 56 plotting observed magnitude of Type Ia supernovae against redshift z) with an empirical best fit that shows all gravitating + antigravitating “stuff” to have the standard Einstein dimensionless cosmological measure Omega = ratio of density of "stuff"(both "real" on and "virtual" ZPF off-mass-shell) to critical density for a closed universe = 1+-0.02, which according to Einstein's gravity theory, implies a spatially flat universe on a scale > 10 megaparsecs. The exotic vacuum off-mass-shell repulsive anti-gravitating “dark energy” stuff contribution to the universe's total Omega is now precisely measured ~ 0.73+-0.04. The Type Ia measured numbers from 1998 are consistent with Michael Turner’s Op Ed “Reference Frame, Dark Energy: Just What Theorists Ordered” pp. 10-11 in the same issue. The final numbers in 2003 are somewhat different composed now from several very different independent experiments. One finds the universally repulsive exotic vacuum Omega(Lambda) plotted against the total attractive gravitating Omega(ordinary + dark matter) in Perlmutter’s “Fig. 5” on p. 58 where the data from three independent types of measurements nicely converge with an "amazing consistency" to Omega = 1 with Omega(ordinary + dark matter) ~ 0.27+-0.04. The three independent measurement techniques are NASA Space Probe WMAP, high redshift z Type 1a supernovae and galaxy cluster inventories. Soon there will be a fourth independent test i.e. NASA Space Probe SNAP. See also Bert Schwarzschild’s “Search and Discovery, WMAP Spacecraft Maps the Entire Cosmic Microwave Sky With Unprecedented Precision” on p. 24 of this same seminal issue of Physics Today where Bert writes:
“… most of the WMAP results confirm, with greater precision, the results of earlier CMB observations and, more important, the cosmological parameters deduced from a great range of quite different and independent large-scale observations: galaxy and supernovae redshift surveys … the Lyman- forest, primordial deuterium abundance, and gravitational lensing surveys. Combining all these cosmological measurements, the WMAP group finds that in units of the critical closure density, the cosmic mass density, and more than 80% of that is nonbaryonic dark matter whose identity is unknown. The flat cosmic geometry demanded by inflation is saved by a bigger and even more mysterious vacuum energy density.
Michael Turner's Op Ed on Dark Energy in April 2003 Physics Today
"It's not enough to be right in physics. One must be right for the right reasons." I think Max Tegmark wrote that?
Turner, Distinguished Professor of Physics at the University of Chicago, writes:
"Dark energy is one of the deepest and most exciting puzzles in all of science. It is likely that a crazy new idea is needed to explain cosmic speedup and resolve the cosmological constant problem. (That does not mean that every crazy idea is a solution.) The payoff will be well worth the effort. We will gain new insights into the nature of matter, space and time and shed light on our cosmic destiny." [end of quote]
Alan Guth invented "inflation" in 1980. You need a scalar quantum field the "inflaton" on classical curved spacetime in the FRW metric assuming isotropy and homogeneity on large scale ~ 10^24 meters min. A small piece of the unstable vacuum is blown up to our early universe 13.7 billion years ago in an ultrashort fraction of a second as the inflaton decays. Any initial space curvature in 3D is flattened out. The initial zero point vacuum micro-quantum fluctuations of the decaying inflaton are stretched out to large scale to form the density perturbations from which ordinary matter as we know it forms. Real on mass shell matter forms from the decay energy of the inflaton forming the post-inflation vacuum bubble with perhaps an infinity of Level I parallel universes in Max Tegmark's sense in May 2003 Scientific American assuming simply connected not doughnut global topology. The COBE and newer WMAP NASA space probes measure these seeds amped up quantum zero point fluctuations in a snapshot taken when our universe is 380,000 years old from the Big Bang. We cannot see further into the early universe with microwaves. We can see closer to the Big Bang than 380,000 years with neutrinos and gravity waves if there are any of the latter. We should know soon with new space experiments LISA and LIGO coming on line if we do not have more Shuttle disasters. The key cosmological parameter in Einstein's theory is Omega Zero a dimensionless pure number equal to the coarse grained large scale average mean energy density of all "stuff" relative to a critical density given by Einstein's classical 1915 general theory of relativity. No one of any importance in physics today takes alternative gravity theories like the one Hal Puthoff has been playing with, for maybe 20 years now without compelling results, seriously. Only a few UFO Cargo Cult Kooks, some with US Military Intelligence backgrounds, take Hal's approach seriously. This is not to say BTW that UFOs are not real evidence for dark energy being used by an advanced civilization not from our planet and not from our time. The use of dark energy for space and time travel with warp drive and star gates will be called "metric engineering" a term invented apparently by Hal Puthoff. So not everything he did was in vain. :-)
Now to Turner's discussion of the theory. What he says on dark energy is essentially the same in its starting point that is as in my two books "Destiny Matrix" and "Space-Time and Beyond II" at http://www.1stbooks.com and in http://qedcorp.com/APS/ of unfinished works in progress. The basic starting physics is in John Peacock's "Cosmological Physics" pp 25-26.
Energy density is the source of gravity in Newton's 17th century theory. Einstein's 20th century theory adds 3xpressure to this. The ratio of pressure to energy density is called w or "dubya". The "equation of state" of stuff relates pressure to energy density. For ordinary matter when v/c << 1 where v is average speed of an atom in a gas, for example, w << 1 so that Einstein's pressure correction to the creation of gravity is ignorable. For black body random thermal radiation w = +1/3. Dubya or w determines how the density of stuff changes in the expanding space of our visible universe with cosmic scale factor R(t), with t as a convenient but arbitrary measure of cosmic time.
Indeed, the large-scale geometry of our spatially flat universe is simply cast in Riemann's 19th century language used by Einstein in 1915, still used today is, for example, in a convenient choice of cosmic time t
ds^2 = c^2dt^2 - R(t)^2[dr^2 + r^2(dtheta^2 + sin^2theta dphi^2)]
using high school spherical polar coordinates. The initial universe is a flat "plane" (actually a 3 space unless we invoke world holography so that it really is Euclid's plane - again only on large scale > 10^24 meters!) with initial distance between two "galaxies" as R(t --> Big Bang) normalize so that R(now) = 1.]
The variation of density of this or that stuff scale as R(t)^-3(1 + w).
Ordinary non-relativistic matter density with w ~ 0 then scales as common sense would suggest
R(t)^-3. Not so for thermal radiation density that scales as R(t)^-3(4/3) = R(t)^-4. This last result shows that you cannot trust common sense in physics. All good physicists have long ago lost their common sense! Einstein alluded to "common sense" as mere superstitious childhood prejudice. Fundamentalists, crackpots, Luddites and illiterates generally, whether in science or religion or politics, find that hard to digest. It is a good litmus test. ;-)
*OK so now let's quickly cut to the chase with ZERO POINT VACUUM ENERGY! This is, after all, what you have all been waiting for. ;-)
The best discussion of this is in Peacock op cit p.26 who uses Heisenberg's micro-quantum uncertainty principle plus classical "covariance", i.e. form invariance of the LOCAL laws of physics under any relevant physical group G of frame of reference transformations, plus Einstein's LOCAL "principle of equivalence", i.e. it is possible to find a non-rotating timelike geodesic Local Inertial Frame or "LIF" such that, so long as the local curvature is not exploding in a spacetime singularity, the local phenomena and laws of physics are approximately "flat" like in special relativity. This remark is restricted at two ends the large and the small. First, the scale of measurement must be small compared to scale of radius curvature. This is no problem at Earth's surface where scale of radius of curvature of the source mass of Earth is ~ 1AU ~ 10^13cm. Second, we can ignore quantum gravity quantum zero point vacuum fluctuations in the geometry of spacetime. What happens if there are torsion fields and non-metricity fields from additional hyperspace dimensions requires additional study. Einstein's theory assumes both of the latter are zero. In any case, covariance + local equivalence of gravity to acceleration imply that w = -1 for any renormalizable quantum field on a classical curved spacetime background of any spin i.e. spins 0, 1/2, 1, 3/2 but I am not sure about 2. At this point Turner seems to make an error of detail when he says that "the virtual pairs that fill the vacuum have negative pressure". Peter Milonni's book on the quantum vacuum, if I remember correctly, has spin 1 virtual photons with negative zero point pressure and spin 1/2 Dirac virtual electron-positron pairs with positive zero point pressure since they have negative zero point energy density from the Pauli exclusion principle Fermi-Dirac statistics that requires anticommutators for fermion creation and destruction second quantized field operators. Therefore, although w = -1 for the zero point virtual quanta inside the vacuum for all spins up to 3/2 and maybe even 2, the sign of zero point energy density cannot be assumed positive in all cases. What happens for SU(2) weak force bosons and SU(3) strong force boson (gluons) is not obvious. One also has to see what the weak and strong charges do to the lepto-quarks - even to the electron with now additional weak charge.
Einstein's gravity source, in all the above cases, is still of course
energy density + 3 pressure
which for any zero point fluctuation of any quantum field is
- 2 (energy density)
This implies that the zero point fluctuations of any quantum field with positive energy density will ANTI-GRAVITATE like the now observed "dark energy". But if it walks like a duck ... is it a duck? There are some deep problems here.
Turner writes: "Something that is very elastic (that is negative pressure ...) has gravity that repels, rather than attracts." At this point I remind you that Kip Thorne showed in 1986 under prodding from Carl Sagan that you need negative pressure "exotic matter" to keep wormholes open for fast space travel and even for time travel to the past. A few years later, Alcubierre showed you need the same negative pressure exotic matter to make a weightless warp drive in which stuff inside the ship does not feel non-inertial "g-forces". No need for pressure suits even when that saucer makes a high speed sudden reversal of direction for example! Observed flying saucers show, according to Bruce Cornet, a "reverse Doppler shift" which is consistent with a dark energy based "vacuum propeller" (Roger Coolidge's term). The next idea is to distinguish real "on mass shell" stuff outside the vacuum from virtual "off-mass-shell" stuff inside the vacuum. This is a micro-quantum distinction beyond common sense only made thinkable by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. So what we need for both dark energy and dark matter is the idea of virtual stuff forming the /\zpf net residual zero point field of all spins in a new kind of "macro-quantum vacuum" with a "condensate" that is not at all part of Turner's thinking in the Physics Today Op Ed. It's because Turner is not thinking "vacuum condensate" here that he repeats the lament of the current conventional wisdom of the Pundits that
"Quantum vacuum energy is equivalent to Einstein's infamous cosmological constant."
That is true. But then
"Even the best quantum 'mechanics' have failed to produce a sensible prediction for /\zpf" p. 11
Not true. Here is my heuristic "two-fluid" MACRO-QUANTUM VACUUM counter-example that is partially computed dynamically dynamically in a toy model interacting boson gas by G.E. Volovik in "The Universe in a Helium Droplet" (Oxford, 2003) in which my 1 is a slightly different number and Lp is the average inter-boson separation. In the case of Hagen Kleinert's "World Crystal Lattice" the "bare bosons" are of mass-energy hc/Lp and are closely packed. Observed low energy lepto-quarks are "quasi-particle" complex energy poles of a first reduced "particle" ODLRO density matrix. The gauge forces are "collective mode" complex energy poles of a second reduced "pair" ODLRO density matrix. The LOCAL field at scale L is
/\zpf(x,L) = Lp^-2[1 - Lp^3|<0|e(x,L)+e-(x,L)|0>|^2]
/\zpf = 0 in equilibrium as in G.E. Volovik's "The Universe in a Helium Droplet" (Oxford, 2003)
/\zpf > 0 is dark energy exotic vacuum with strong short range anti-gravity
/\zpf < 0 is dark matter exotic vacuum with strong short range gravity, e.g. cores of charged elementary particles like the electron.
Note that Einstein's source energy density + 3 pressure is simply, in the case of exotic vacua,
~ 2(c^4/G)/\zpf.
for details see my books at http://www.1stbooks.com
Current papers at http://qedcorp.com/APS/
This leads Professor Turner to his "greatest blunder" :-)
"Even though repulsive gravity sounds like fun, dark energy - as far as we know - can't be bottled up to create an object with antigravity."
Look at the flying saucers. The Truth is Out There. We shall make it so. :-)
A note on Giovanni Modanese's http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/0009046 Modanese wrote this at Bernie Haisch's short-lived ill-fated CIPA that sadly rested on DOT.COM quicksand. It is an attempt to do correctly what Puthoff, Haisch and Rueda (PHR) did not do because their starting point was too naive and incomplete IMHO. Indeed Modanese concludes that what PHR try to do, i.e. produce a non-zero rest mass from a massless charge in the EM ZPF is impossible in standard quantum electrodynamics. See p. 12.
On Thursday, June 26, 2003, at 09:59 AM, Jack Sarfatti wrote:
BCC
On Thursday, June 26, 2003, at 06:47 AM, jfwoodward@juno.com wrote:
Hmmm. . . . not a theory known to me.
Jack said: You mean Ryazanov's. It's not well known and probably not coherent.
James said: By the way, the ADM version of elementary particles is an exact solution
of the Einstein field equaions; but the only way you can get stable
particles of finite radius and realistic mass is by assuming that the
bare mass is negative. . . .
Jack continued: That is exactly what my exotic vacuum dark matter core /\zpf < 0 does! This http://qedcorp.com/APS/Ukraine.doc is all about to published in "Progress in Quantum Physics Research" Nova Scientific Publishers.
The unified exotic vacuum dark energy/matter /\zpf(x) field is a LOCAL field just like Einstein's local geometrodynamical field guv(x) at all scales micro to macro in my theory. Indeed guv is from the Goldstone phase modulation and /\zpf is from the Higgs amplitude modulation of the same giant MACRO-QUANTUM vacuum-polarization coherent local wave PSI(x) = <0|e+(x)e-(x)|0>.
Note that the local zero point stress-energy density tensor of exotic vacuum at scale L is
tuv(x,L)zpf ~ [c^4/G*(L)]/\zpf(x,L)guv(x,L)
in an adaptive windowed wavelet transform generalization of the rigid window Fourier-transform based Wigner phase space density for local ODLRO MACRO-QUANTUM order parameters PSI(x,L).
As is known from Wheeler-Feynman/Hoyle-Narlikar you can reinterpret at least the EM part of local tuvzpf in terms of a Machian Feynman influence functional of the response of the universe as a whole as the radiation reaction/EM ZPF of a real photon emission. Depending on the cosmology solution of GR, both past and future light cones are involved in a mixture. This is all in Hoyle-Narlikar published work.
Rest mass of lepto-quarks are simply from micro Wheeler "mass without mass"/"charge without charge"/"spin without spin" "geon" exotic vacuum solutions of
Guv(x) + /\zpf(x)guv(x) ~ -8pi(G*/c^4)Tuv(x)em
where G* >> G(Newton) on scale L ~ 1 fermi.
I am implementing what Wheeler started in mid 1950s in his book "Geometrodynamics" before we knew about dark energy and dark matter. It's a whole new ball game now.
